*Liu, X., Pourdavood, R. G., & Koc, S. (2026). Teaching and Learning Mathematics Online: Challenges and Opportunities. Paper presented at the 49th Annual Conference of the Eastern Educational Research Association (EERA), Clearwater, Florida, Feb. 5-6.

Experiences of pre-service and in-service mathematics teachers reflect their concerns relative to online teaching and learning. This interpretive qualitative research studies 25 pre-service and in-service teachers’ online teaching and learning experiences while they are engaging in a semester-long mathematics methods course. The findings of this study indicate attributes such as interactions, communication, and peer support impact the pre-service and in-service mathematics teachers’ beliefs and practices toward online teaching and learning. The findings also suggest that social and cultural factors such as knowing and understanding students’ social and cultural background, access and equity in mathematics education, learners’ social and emotional development, and parents’ involvement influence mathematics teachers’ practices of online teaching and learning. The findings suggest that the transformation from in-person to online learning requires the enhancement of pre-service and in-service mathematics teachers’ online training.